Analyzing the psychological variables linked to performance in beach volleyball: an integrative review and practical recommendations / Análisis de las variables psicológicas vinculadas al rendimiento en voleibol playa: una revisión integradora y recomendaciones prácticas / Análise das variáveis psicológicas ligadas ao desempenho no voleibol de praia: uma revisão integrativa e recomendações práticas

Beach volleyball is an important team sport in which physical, technical, tactical,and psychological/social aspects are fundamental to sporting performance. However, this is the first review to analyse scientific production on psychological variables in beach volleyball. This is an integrative review in which a systematic search was carried out in five electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus and BIREME) until September 2022. The terms used were "beach volleyball" OR "voleibolde praia" OR "vôlei de praia". In addition, the search included research with athletes, acute and chronic outcomes, and studies of various methods (e.g.,experimental, observational) involving psychological variables. The initial search identified 652 articles, and after the manual search and application of the inclusion criteria, 18 studies were integrated into a final synthesis.Most of the studies were published between 2011 and 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). Observational design was the main method used (n= 10; 55.56%). The studies were grouped into nine major topics for synthesis: stress situation, activation levels, concentration, goal orientation and motivation, mental fatigue and performance, anxiety,and performance, discouraging environments, relationships between team members, coping strategies. In general, social relationships and self-control appear significant for performance; thus,coaches must serve as role models for players and sports psychologists can aid in monitoring psychological variables, team dynamics, and develop psychological skills.(AU)

El vóleyplaya es un importante deporte de equipo en el que los aspectos físicos, técnicos, tácticos y psicológicos/sociales son fundamentales para el rendimiento deportivo. Sin embargo, esta es la primera revisión que analiza la producción científica sobre variables psicológicas en vóleyplaya. Se trata de una revisión integradora en la que se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en cinco bases de datos electrónicas (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus y BIREME) hasta septiembre de 2022. Los términos utilizados fueron "beach volleyball" OR "voleibol de praia" OR "vôlei de praia". Además, la búsqueda incluyó investigaciones con atletas, intervenciones agudas y crónicas, estudios de diversos métodos (e.g., experimentales, observacionales) que implicaran variables psicológicas. La búsqueda inicial identificó 652 artículos y, después de la búsqueda manual y la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, 18 estudios se integraron en una síntesis final. La mayoría de los estudios fueron publicados entre 2011 y 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). El diseño observacional fue el principal método utilizado (n= 10; 55.56%). Los estudios se agruparon en nueve grandes temas para la síntesis: situación de estrés, niveles de activación, concentración, orientación a objetivos y motivación, fatiga mental y rendimiento, ansiedad y rendimiento, entornos desalentadores, relaciones entre los miembros del equipo, estrategias de afrontamiento. Las relaciones sociales y el autocontrol parecen ser importantes para el rendimiento, por lo quelos entrenadores deben comportarse como modelos para los deportistas. Además, los psicólogosdeportivos pueden ayudar a controlar las variables psicológicas, la dinámica del equipo y a desarrollar habilidades psicológicas.(AU)

O voleibol de praia é um importante esporte coletivo em que aspectos físicos, técnicos, táticos e psicológicos/sociais são fundamentais para o desempenho esportivo. No entanto, esta é a primeira revisão que teve como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre variáveis psicológicas no voleibol de praia. Essa é uma revisão integrativa em que foi realizada uma busca em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus e BIREME) até setembro de 2022, de forma sistemática. Os temos usados foram “beach volleyball” OU “voleibol de praia” OU “vôlei de praia”. Além disso, foram incluídos nessa busca pesquisas com atletas, intervenções agudas e crônicas, estudos de vários métodos (e.g., experimental, observacional) que envolviam variáveis psicológicas. A busca inicial identificou 652 artigos, após a busca manual e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, 18 estudos foram integrados a uma síntese final. A maioria dos estudos foi publicada entre 2011 e 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). O desenho observacional foi o principal método utilizado (n= 10; 55.56%). Os estudos foram agrupados em nove grandes tópicos para síntese: situação de estresse, níveis de ativação, concentração, orientação para metas e motivação, fadiga mental e desempenho, ansiedade e desempenho, ambientes desanimadores, relacionamento entre as partes da equipe, estratégias de enfrentamento. As relações sociais e o autocontrole parecem importantes para o desempenho, portanto treinadores devem se comporta como modelo para os atletas. Além disso, psicólogos do esporte podem ajudar a monitorizar as variáveis psicológicas, na dinâmica da equipa e desenvolver de competências psicológicas.(AU)

Syncing to perform? A naturalistic uncontrolled prospective case study of emotional and physiological synchrony in a team of male volleyball athletes.

Group processes are important for promoting relational and performance-related outcomes in sport; however, research exploring emotional and physiological synchrony and performance outcomes is rare. The objective of this study was to examine perceived emotional synchrony, physiological synchrony, and performance among male volleyball players using a naturalistic uncontrolled prospective case study approach over nine practices. Athletes participated in a coach-led pre-practice group visualization routine, while their heart rate and heart rate variability were continuously monitored. Athletes completed post-practice measures of emotional synchrony, and athletes and coaches completed ratings of individual and team performance. Emotional and physiological synchrony were not significantly correlated, but they were differentially related to performance outcomes, and there were significant interaction effects between physiological synchrony and time. Athletes' ratings of their own and their team's performance were associated with their perceived emotional synchrony. Coach performance ratings were associated with pre-practice team physiological synchrony but were unrelated to athletes' perceived emotional synchrony. Heart rate synchrony was associated with athlete and coach performance ratings and may be important for team dynamics and performance outcomes. The findings demonstrate evidence for emotional and physiological synchrony among athletes, providing a platform for future research examining processes and impacts of synchrony in sport.

Feasibility Analysis and Countermeasures of Psychological Health Training Methods for Volleyball Players Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology.

In the process of volleyball players' mental health training, there exists the problem of low parameter accuracy. In order to further improve the accuracy of mental health training methods, based on artificial intelligence calculation, the neural network and long and short-term memory network were used to analyze the model. Estimation algorithm was used to describe the data, and finally, the optimization model was obtained to describe the feasibility study of mental health. In addition, the relevant data were used to verify and analyze the model. The research shows that in the time update curve, with the increase of the model state, the corresponding curve on the whole first presents a fluctuating trend of different degrees. The increase of model state will make the corresponding time value gradually tend to flat. The fluctuation of the corresponding time index is obvious. Indicators corresponding to the status update curve show an obvious linear change trend with the increase in time, and the overall linear characteristics are obvious. This shows that when time is constant, the relationship between the corresponding parameter and the state value conforms to the linear law. The corresponding state index gradually increases and eventually tends to be stable. Through the analysis, it can be seen that the proportion of different indicators under the effect of artificial intelligence and the calculation results are different. The parameters show an obvious linear variation trend, indicating that the corresponding model parameters can well reflect the data changes. Finally, the accuracy of the model is verified by the method of experimental comparison. The relevant research results can provide a new model and a method for volleyball players' mental health training.

Experts use base rates in real-world sequential decisions.

Human behavior is often assumed to be irrational, full of errors, and affected by cognitive biases. One of these biases is base-rate neglect, which happens when the base rates of a specific category are not considered when making decisions. We argue here that while naïve subjects demonstrate base-rate neglect in laboratory conditions, experts tested in the real world do use base rates. Our explanation is that lab studies use single questions, whereas, in the real world, most decisions are sequential in nature, leading to a more realistic test of base-rate use. One decision that lends itself to testing base-rate use in real life occurs in beach volleyball-specifically, deciding to whom to serve to win the game. Analyzing the sequential choices in expert athletes in more than 1,300 games revealed that they were sensitive to base rates and adapted their decision strategies to the performance of the opponent. Our data describes a threshold at which players change their strategy and use base rates. We conclude that the debate over whether decision makers use base rates should be shifted to real-world tests, and the focus should be on when and how base rates are used.

Effect of Mindfulness Training on Fatigue and Recovery in Elite Volleyball Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Follow-Up Study.

Volleyball is a team sport with high physical and perceptual-cognitive demand, hence, increasing the perception of physical and mental fatigue during a competition. To alleviate fatigue (physical and mental), mindfulness and music have been proposed. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of mindfulness-based mental versus music training on mental fatigue, physical fatigue, and recovery in elite competitive female volleyball athletes using a randomized two-controlled study with follow-up. Participants were 30 elite female Brazilian volleyball athletes. Athletes were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) mindfulness-based mental training group (MBMT); 2) music-based training group (MBT); or 3) control group (CG). Three variables were evaluated as follows: 1) recovery based on total quality recovery; 2) mental fatigue visual analog scale; and 3) physical fatigue visual analog scale. Regarding recovery, there was no difference between the MBMT, MBT, and CG groups (p > 0.05). A difference in mental fatigue was noted between MBT and CG at follow-up [F(2,26) = 5.71, p = 0.009; large]. Regarding physical fatigue, there was no difference between the MBMT, MBT, and CG groups (p > 0.05). The mindfulness intervention effectively attenuated the mental fatigue caused by competition in volleyball athletes. These results will assist coaches and staff in providing fatigue management and reinforce the applicability of mental training in sports.

The development of perceptual-cognitive skills in youth volleyball players.

In many sports, elite players outperform novices on tests for perceptual-cognitive skills, such as anticipation, decision-making and pattern recall. However, the developmental trajectory of these perceptual-cognitive skills has received limited attention. Therefore, this study examined the development of anticipation, decision-making and pattern recall in 202 female volleyball players aged between 7 and 26 years old. Participants were categorized into six age groups: U9, U11, U13, U15, U17 and Seniors. Using a video-based occlusion protocol, we assessed participants' ability to predict pass direction, decide the most optimal attack zone, or recall the opponents' defence positions. The results demonstrated that U17 and adult players had superior accuracy and shorter response times than younger players on all three tests. Notably, U9 players performed worse than older players on all tests. Binomial distributions showed that decision-making was above chance for U17 players and adults, whereas anticipation was above chance for almost all players. Our findings indicate that age-related improvements of perceptual-cognitive skills are evident at 11 years old. However, decision-making seems to develop considerably later than anticipation and pattern recall, suggesting different developmental trajectories for the different perceptual-cognitive skills. Longitudinal research regarding the development of perceptual-cognitive skills and their underlying mechanisms is warranted, as this could have important implications for talent detection and development.

Impact of in-season injury on quality of life and sleep duration in female youth volleyball athletes: a prospective study of 2073 players.

OBJECTIVES: The psychological impacts of injuries in youth athletes remain poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of injury on quality of life (QOL) and sleep in female high school volleyball athletes. METHODS: 2073 female high school volleyball players (15.6±1.1 years) completed the Pediatric Quality of Life survey (total QOL, physical, social, school, emotional and psychosocial function) and reported average sleep duration at the start and end of the season. Injury data were collected by school athletic trainers. Mixed effects linear regression models were used to compare changes in QOL and sleep duration during the season between (1) injured and uninjured athletes and (2) injured athletes who did or did not suffer a season-ending injury. RESULTS: Time-loss injuries were reported in 187 athletes with complete preseason and postseason data. During the season, injured athletes demonstrated a greater decrease in total QOL (ß=-1.3±0.5, p=0.012), as well as physical function (ß=-1.6±0.6, p=0.012), school function (ß=-2.0±0.76, p=0.01) and psychosocial function domains (ß=-1.2±0.6, p=0.039) compared with uninjured athletes. Athletes who sustained a season-ending injury had a significantly greater decrease in total QOL (ß=-6.8±2.0, p=0.006) and physical function (ß=-17±2.9, p<0.001) compared with injured athletes who were able to return to play during the season. CONCLUSION: In-season injuries are associated with significant decreases in total QOL as well as physical and psychosocial function. Healthcare providers should consider the impacts of injuries on QOL and sleep in youth athletes in order to optimise management and improve overall health.

Relação treinador-atleta e a experiência positiva de jovens no esporte extracurricular / Relación entrenador-atleta y experiencia positiva de jóvenes en el deporte extracurricular / Coach-athlete relationship and youth positive experience in sport extracurricular

A qualidade da construção do ambiente positivo para a prática esportiva estabelecida na relação treinador-atleta é reconhecida para uma experiência positiva dos jovens no esporte, podendo ser determinante para uma prática esportiva prolongada. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se a qualidade da relação treinador-atleta se relaciona com a percepção de experiência positiva dos jovens no esporte. Participam do estudo 630 atletas (350 masc.; 280 fem.), nas modalidades coletivas de handebol (26%), voleibol (25%), futsal (31%) e basquetebol (18%), em competição de nível estadual, classificatória para etapa nacional. A idade dos atletas é de 16.06±0.82 anos e o tempo médio de prática das respectivas modalidades foi de 4.48±2.54 anos. O conjunto de dados foi coletado por meio dos questionários Relacionamento Treinador-Atleta (CART-Q Atleta) e Experiência dos Jovens no Esporte (YES-Y), validados para a língua portuguesa. Apesar da literatura reconhecer a importância da relação treinador-atleta, os resultados encontrados no presente estudo sugerem que a qualidade da relação treinador-atleta não influencia a experiência positiva dos jovens no esporte, no contexto escolar extracurricular

La calidad de la relación entrenador-atleta es reconocida como una experiencia positiva por jóvenes deportistas, que puede ser decisiva para la manutención en la práctica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar si la calidad de la relación entrenador-atleta está relacionada con la percepción de la experiencia positiva de los jóvenes en el deporte. El estudio se realizó con 630 atletas (350 mas.; 280 fem.), en los deportes de equipo: balonmano (26%), voleibol (25%), fútbol sala (31%) y baloncesto (18%), todos participando en competencia de nivel estatal, clasificatoria para la etapa nacional. La edad de los atletas es de 16.06 ± 0.82 años y el tiempo medio de práctica en su deporte fue de 4.48 ± 2.54 años. El conjunto de datos se recopiló utilizando los cuestionarios de Relación Entrenador-Atleta (CART-Q Athlete) y Experiencia Juvenil en el Deporte (YES-Y), validados para el idioma portugués. Aunque la literatura reconoce la importancia de la relación entrenador-atleta, los resultados encontrados en el presente estudio sugieren que la calidad de la relación entrenador-atleta no influye en la experiencia positiva de los jóvenes en el deporte, en el contexto escolar extracurricular

The quality of the coach-athlete relationship is recognized as a positive experience by young people in sports, which can be decisive for a long-term sports practice. Our aim was to verify if the quality of the relationship coach-athlete is related to the perception of sport as a positive experience by young athletes. The participants are 630 young athletes (350 male; 280 female) in four different team sports: handball (26%), volleyball (25%), futsal (31%) and basketball (18%), participating in state competitions, which are qualifying for the national championship. The athletes' age was 16.06 ± 0.82 years with an average time of practice of 4.48 ± 2.54 years. The data was collected using the Coach-Athlete Relationship (CART-Q Athlete) and the Youth Experience in Sport (YES-Y) questionnaires, both validated for the Portuguese language. Although the literature recognizes the coach-athlete relationship as positive, the results found in this study suggest that the quality of the coach-athlete relationship, by itself, does not influences the perception of sports as a positive experience by young people in sports, in the extracurricular school context

Effects of Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) Supplementation During Offseason Resistance Training in Female Division I Athletes.

Toohey, JC, Townsend, JR, Johnson, SB, Toy, AM, Vantrease, WC, Bender, D, Crimi, CC, Stowers, KL, Ruiz, MD, VanDusseldorp, TA, Feito, Y, and Mangine, GT. Effects of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) supplementation during offseason resistance training in female Division I athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3173-3181, 2020-We examined the effects of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) supplementation during offseason training in collegiate athletes. Twenty-three Division I female athletes (19.6 ± 1.0 years, 67.5 ± 7.4 kg, and 170.6 ± 6.8 cm) participated in this study and were randomized into either a probiotic (n = 11; DE111) or placebo (n = 12; PL) group while counterbalancing groups for sport. Athletes completed a 10-week resistance training program during the offseason, which consisted of 3-4 workouts per week of upper- and lower-body exercises and sport-specific training. Athletes consumed DE111 (DE111; 5 billion CFU/day) or PL supplement daily for the entire 10-week program. Before and after training, all athletes underwent 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength testing (squat, deadlift, and bench press), performance testing (vertical jump and pro-agility), and isometric midthigh pull testing. Body composition (body fat [BF]%) was completed using BODPOD and bioelectrical impedance analysis, as well as muscle thickness (MT) measurement of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis using ultrasonography. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to analyze all data. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects for time were observed for improved squat 1RM, deadlift 1RM, bench press 1RM, vertical jump, RF MT, and BF%. Of these, a significant group × time interaction was noted for BF% (p = 0.015), where greater reductions were observed in DE111 (-2.05 ± 1.38%) compared with PL (-0.2 ± 1.6%). No other group differences were observed. These data suggest that probiotic consumption in conjunction with post-workout nutrition had no effect on physical performance but may improve body composition in female Division I soccer and volleyball players after offseason training.

Decision-making and dynamics of eye movements in volleyball experts.

Key decision-makers among experts in a given field can sometimes be identified based on their role and responsibilities. The aim of the study is to compare perceptual-cognitive skills of experts with decisional responsibilities (setters in volleyball) with that of other volleyball experts. Eighty-two participants (26 setters, 36 other players and 20 controls) viewed 50 volleyball video sequences. Sequences stopped 120 ms before ball contact and participants, whose eye movements were recorded, had to predict the ball direction. Generalized Estimating Equations analysis revealed that setters and controls made more but shorter fixations than other players. However, both expert groups made better predictions than controls. Dynamics analyses of eye movements over time show that, right before ball contact, opposing players' upper body is a most relevant attentional cue in all game situations. Results are discussed in terms of decision-making responsibilities to identify key decision-makers in volleyball and in general. They point towards specific perceptual-cognitive abilities found in setters and support the idea that they constitute a subgroup of experts, but that they are not "better" than other players in anticipating the game.

El efecto de la motivación sobre la resiliencia y la ansiedad del deportista / The Effect of the Motivation on the Resilience and Anxiety of the Athlete

A lo largo de una carrera deportiva suelen acontecer una serie de hechos traumáticos o fracasos deportivos que suponen un punto de inflexión, por ello, resulta necesario analizar la influencia que tiene la motivación del deportista sobre la resiliencia, y esta última, sobre sus niveles de ansiedad. En este estudio participaron 276 voleibolistas con edades entre 18 y 31 años. En este estudio se han realizado varios análisis estadísticos descriptivos, un análisis de fiabilidad de los factores que integran el modelo y un path analysis que explica las relaciones causales entre las variables. Los índices de ajuste de los diversos análisis fueron satisfactorios explicando las relaciones que se establecen entre los factores. En conclusión, la motivación autodeterminada está relacionada de forma positiva con la resiliencia mientras que las formas menos autodeterminadas están relacionadas de forma negativa con ésta. Asimismo, la resiliencia se relaciona de forma negativa con la ansiedad

Throughout a sports career, a series of traumatic events or sporting failures often occur, which represent a turning point. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the influence of motivation of the athlete on resilience, and the latter, on their levels of anxiety. This study included 276 volleyball players between the ages of 18 and 31. In this study, several descriptive statistical analyzes were carried out, a reliability analysis of the factors that make up the model and a route analysis that explains the causal relationships between the variables. The indexes of adjustment of the articles of analysis were satisfactory explaining the relationships established between the factors. In conclusion, the self-determined motivation is related to the positive form with the resilience while the less self-determined forms are related to the negative form with it. Likewise, resilience is negatively related to anxiety

Analyzing the Seasonal Changes and Relationships in Training Load and Wellness in Elite Volleyball Players

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to (1) analyze the variations of acute and chronic training load and well-being measures during 3 periods of the season (early, mid, and end) and (2) test the associations between weekly training load and well-being measures during different periods of the season. METHODS: Thirteen professional volleyball players from a team competing in the Portuguese Volleyball First Division (age 31.0 [5.0] y) were monitored during an entire season. Weekly acute (wAL) and chronic load (wCL), acute to chronic workload ratio (wACWL), and training monotony (wTM) were calculated during all weeks of the season. The weekly values of muscle soreness (wDOMS), stress (wStress), fatigue (wFatigue), sleep (wSleep), and Hooper index (wHI) were also obtained across the season. RESULTS: The midseason had meaningfully low values of wAL (-26.9%; effect size [ES]: -1.12) and wCL (-28.0%; ES: -2.81), and greater values of wACWL (+38.9%; ES: 2.81) compared with early season. The wCL (+10.6%; ES: 0.99), wStress (44.6%; ES: 0.87), and wHI (29.0%; ES: 0.62) were meaningfully greater during the end of season than in midseason. Overall, wAL presented very large correlations with wDOMS (r = .80), wSleep (r = .72), and wFatigue (r = .82). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the load was meaningfully higher during early season; however, stress was higher during the final stages of the season. Overall, it was also found that the acute load is more highly correlated with well-being status and its variations than chronic load or training monotony.

Autoconfianza y su relación con el rendimiento, procedencia, logros y edad en jugadoras de voleibol peruanas en categoría de formación / Self-confidence and its relation to the performance, place of origin, achievements and age in Peruvian volleyball players in training category

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación de la autoconfianza con el rendimiento, procedencia, logros y edad en voleibolistas peruanas en categoría de formación. El estudio es de naturaleza no experimental, transeccional correlacional. Se estudió a 86 voleibolistas, de edades entre 12 y 16 años (M=15.59-DT=0.74), a quienes se les aplicó el inventario de confianza deportiva (reproductividad de .992). Los resultados demuestran que existe una correlación positiva, estadísticamente significativa, entre falta de confianza y rendimiento (r = .310; p < .01), falta de confianza y procedencia (r = .280; p < .01); confianza y edad (r = .244; p < .05); exceso de confianza y logros (r = .235; p < .05); nivel de autoconfianza y edad (r = .236; p < .05). Por otro, que existe una correlación negativa, también estadísticamente significativa, entre confianza y procedencia (r = -.342; p < .01); exceso de confianza y rendimiento (r = -.399; p < .01); nivel de autoconfianza y procedencia (r = -.387; p < .01). Se concluye que la autoconfianza en gran medida se asocia con el rendimiento deportivo, región geográfica de donde provienen y edad que presentan las voleibolistas, excepto con los logros deportivos obtenidos en categoría de formación

The objective of the present research was to determine the relation between the selfconfidence and the performance, place of origin, achievements and age of Peruvian volleyball players players in training category. This is a non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional study. A total of 86 volleyball players, between 12 and 16 years old (age M=15.59-TD=0.74) were studied. The sports confidence inventory was applied to these volleyball players (reproducibility of .992). The results show that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between lack of confidence and performance (r = .310; p < .01), lack of confidence and provenance (r = .280; p < .01); confidence and age (r = .244; p < .05); overconfidence and achievements (r = .235; p < .05); level of self-confidence and age (r = .236; p < .05). On the other hand, there is a negative correlation, also statistically significant, between confidence and provenance (r = -.342; p < .01); overconfidence and yield (r = -.399; p < .01); self-confidence level and provenance (r = -.387; p < .01). It is concluded that selfconfidence is to a large extent associated with sports performance, the geographical region from which they come and the age of the volleyball players, except with the sports achievements obtained in training category

Influencia del comportamiento visual en las decisiones en el bloqueo de voleibol / Visual Behavior Influence on Decision in Volleyball Blocking

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la influencia del comportamiento visual (localización, número y duración de las fijaciones visuales) sobre la toma de decisiones en la acción del bloqueo en voleibol. Se analizó el comportamiento visual de 38 jugadoras de voleibol (23.9 ± 4.2 años), que competían de manera federada, mediante el sistema de registro de movimientos oculares (Mobile Eye) durante la visualización de secuencias de video proyectadas a tamaño real. Los modelos de regresión obtenidos muestran que se obtienen mayores porcentajes de acierto cuando la duración de las fijaciones es reducida en las zonas HC y CB, y cuando aumenta el número de fijaciones en la zona BM y disminuye en la zona CB

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of visual behaviour (visual fixation location, number and duration) on decision-making in volleyball blocking. The visual behavior of 38 volleyball players (23.9 ± 4.2 years), who took part in federated competition, was analyzed with the eye tracking system (Mobile Eye) during visualization of real size video sequences. Regression models show that higher success percentages were obtained when the duration of fixations is low in HC and CB areas, and when the number of fixations increases in BM zone and decreases in CB zone

Comportamiento visual y toma de decisiones en situaciones de ataque en voleibol / Visual Behaviour and Decision-Making in Attack Situations in Volleyball

El objetivo de estudio fue comparar el comportamento visual (número y duración de las fijaciones visuales) y la toma de decisiones (TD) en el análisis de escenas de ataque en voleibol, entre entrenadores y jóvenes jugadores. Participaron 59 sujetos - 34 entrenadores (M=32.5; DT=9.4) con experiencia como jugadores y entrenadores de voleibol (M=16.78; DT=11.09), y 25 jugadores (M=16.9; DT=1) con experiencia como jugadores de voleibol (M=3.72; DT=1.17). Para el análisis de la calidad de la TD se emplearon las escenas de ataque del Test de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo en Voleibol (TCTD:Vb). Para el análisis del comportamiento visual se utilizó el Eye Tracking SMI RED500(R) durante el análisis de las escenas. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en la duración de las fijaciones siendo mayores en el grupo de los entrenadores. Concluye que existe un patrón similar de comportamiento visual em la comparación entre los grupos unicamente diferenciado por la duración de las fijaciones visuales

The objective of comparing visual behavior (number and duration of visual fixations) and decision-making (DM) in the analysis of attack scenes in volleyball, between coaches and young players. 59 subjects will participate - 34 coaches (M = 16.7, SD = 9.4) with experience as players and volleyball coaches (M = 16.78, SD = 11.09), and 25 players (M = 16.9, SD = 1) with experience as volleyball players (M = 3.72 , SD = 1.17). For the analysis of DM quality, the attack scenes of the Tactical Declarative Knowledge Test in Volleyball (TDKT:Vb) were used. For the analysis of visual behavior, the Eye Tracking SMI RED500(R) was used during the analysis of the scenes. The results show significant differences in duration of fixations being greater for the coaches group. It concludes that there is a similar pattern of visual behavior in the comparison between groups only differentiated by the duration of the visual fixations

Self-efficacy in volleyball: What has been evaluated? A systematic review / Autoeficacia en voleibol: ¿Qué se ha evaluado? Una revisión sistemática / Autoeficácia no voleibol: O que se tem avaliado? Uma revisão sistemática

Self-efficacy in sport has been the purpose of study in different modalities, among them the volleyball. The aim of the study was to verify by means of a systematic review what has been evaluated volleyball self-efficacy. The databases APA, Bireme, Eric, Science Direct, Pubmed and Scopus were used to carry out the searches. After the research, the articles were selected, using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 7 articles by the theme. The result points a absence of clarity in the instruments for assessing self-efficacy in volleyball with respect to what they intend to measure in relation to technical, tactical, physical or psychological attributes. In addition, few articles have pointed the psychometric properties of the instruments used in the research, which implies, in practical terms, inaccurate results, hindering the reproducibility of the studies. Therefore, it is suggested that specific instruments for the modality should be developed which present the statistical procedures used in order to obtain reliable results

La autoeficacia en el deporte ha sido motivo de estudio en diferentes modalidades, entre las que figura el voleibol. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática para conocer lo que se ha evaluado en los estudios sobre autoeficacia en voleibol. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron APA PsycInfo, Bireme Eric, Science Direct, PubMed y Scopus. A partir de esta búsqueda, siguiendo los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se seleccionaron 7 artículos. Los resultados apuntan a la falta de claridad en los instrumentos de evaluación de la autoeficacia en el voleibol en lo referente a lo que pretenden medir de los atributos técnicos, tácticos, físicos o psicológicos. Además, pocos artículos indicaron las propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos utilizados, lo que conduce, en términos prácticos, a resultados imprecisos. Se sugiere que se desarrollen instrumentos específicos para el voleibol y que en los artículos se presenten los procedimientos estadísticos utilizados

A autoeficácia no esporte tem sido propósito de estudo com diferentes modalidades, entre elas o voleibol. O objetivo deste estudo de revisão sistemática foi verificar o que se tem avaliado sobre autoeficácia do voleibol. Utilizaram-se as bases de dados APA PsycInfo, Bireme, Eric, Science Direct, Pubmed e Scopus para efetuar as buscas. Após a pesquisa, os artigos foram selecionados, utilizando-se dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, resultando em 7 artigos. Os resultados apontam falta de clareza nos instrumentos de avaliação da autoeficácia no voleibol quanto ao que pretendem medir em relação aos atributos técnicos, táticos, físicos ou psicológicos. Além disso, poucos artigos apresentaram propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos utilizados, o que implica, em termos práticos, em resultados imprecisos. Sugere-se a construção de instrumentos específicos para a modalidade que apresentem procedimentos estatísticos utilizados a fim de obter resultados fidedignos

Construcción y validación de un instrumento para el análisis de la formación deportiva en voleibol / Desing and validation of an instrument for analysis of sportive formation in volleyball / Construção e validação de um instrumento para a análise da formação esportiva em voleibol

El objetivo de este estudio fue construir y verificar la validez de contenido y la fiabilidad del Instrumento de Análisis de la Formación Deportiva en Voleibol (IAFDV). Participaron en el proceso de validez de contenido 12 jueces expertos que cumplieron los criterios de selección. Para verificar la fiabilidad (estabilidad y consistencia interna) participaron 15 jugadores de categorías de formación de voleibol. La validez de contenido se analizaró a partir de la V Aiken, la estabilidad del instrumento se analizaró a través del Coeficiente de Spearman y la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto los altos índices de validez de contenido ( ,91) y fiabilidad del instrumento, teniendo en cuenta que 77 de los 78 ítems presentaron una correlación significativa (p < ,05) y alta consistencia interna (alfa > ,70). Así, se considera que el cuestionario es adecuado y tiene validez y fiabilidad satisfactorios para medir el proceso de formación deportiva de los jugadores de voleibol

The aim of this study was to develop and verify the content validity and reliability of the Sports Training Instrument in Volleyball (IAFDV). Participated in the content validity process 12 expert judges who met the selection criteria. In order to verify the reliability (stability and internal consistency) participated 15 players from volleyball training categories. The content validity was analysed from the V Aiken, the stability of the instrument was analysed through the Spearman coefficient and the internal consistency by means of the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The results show the high content validity indexes (.91) and reliability of the instrument, taking into account that 77 of the 78 items presented a significant correlation (p <.05) and high internal consistency (alfa >.70). Thus, it is considered that the questionnaire is adequate and has satisfactory validity and reliability to measure the sports training process of volleyball players

O objetivo deste estudo foi construir e verificar a validade de conteúdo e a confiabilidade do Instrumento de Análise da Formação desportiva no Voleibol (IAFDV). Participaram no processo de validação de conteúdo 12 juízes especialistas que preencheram os critérios de seleção. Para verificar a confiabilidade (estabilidade e consistência interna) participaram 15 jogadores de categorias de formação do voleibol. A validade de conteúdo foi analisada a partir da V Aiken, a estabilidade do instrumento foi analisada através do coeficiente de Spearman e da consistência interna atravésdo coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Os resultados evidenciam altos índices de validade de conteúdo (.91) e a confiabilidade do instrumento, levando-se em conta que 77 dos 78 itens apresentaram correlação significativa (p <.05) e alta consistência interna (alfa >.70). Assim, considera-se que o questionário é adequado, possui validade e confiabilidade satisfatórias para avaliar o processo de formação desportiva de jogadores de voleibol

Can losing teams cope with destructive voice behaviour? The role of game results and athletes' perceived motivational climate.

This study examined the relation between losing a game and players' destructive voice about the coach. As team performances would suffer when such behaviours are not managed properly, we tested the motivational climate as a potential mechanism by which coaches can manage these destructive behaviours. Twelve volleyball and basketball teams (N = 136) were weekly assessed during eight weeks using questionnaires. Players rated the extent to which their teammates expressed destructive voice about their coach. Each player's indegree centrality (i.e. the average score received from all teammates) functioned as measurement of his/her destructive voice about the coach. As hypothesized, losing a game increased players' expression of destructive voice about the coach. At both the within- and between-person level, perceived mastery (performance) climate negatively (positively) predicted players' destructive voice about the coach. When players perceived a more salient performance climate than usual after a loss, their increase in destructive voice about the coach was magnified. These results highlight the dynamics of players' destructive voice about the coach and how a single loss can start the utterance of such voice. A coach would be able to counter this process by increasing the focus on a mastery rather than a performance climate.

Training Load, Physical Performance, Biochemical Markers, and Psychological Stress During a Short Preparatory Period in Brazilian Elite Male Volleyball Players.

Horta, TAG, Bara Filho, MG, Coimbra, DR, Miranda, R, and Werneck, FZ. Training load, physical performance, biochemical markers, and psychological stress during a short preparatory period in Brazilian elite male volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3392-3399, 2019-The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between training load (TL) and physical performance, biochemical markers, and psychological stress during a short preparatory period (SPP) in Brazilian elite male volleyball players. Twelve volleyball players from a team competing in the Brazilian Men's Volleyball Super League were enrolled (26.9 ± 4.6 years). Countermovement jump (CMJ), creatine kinase (CK), testosterone (T), cortisol (Cr), T/Cr ratio, and Recovery and Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) were collected at baseline, after second, fourth, and sixth week. Training load was quantified daily using the rating of perceived exertion. Differences were noted between total weekly training load (TWTL) (F3,33 = 50.907; p = 0.0001), CK (F3,33 = 16.157; p = 0.0001), and T (F3,33 = 3.283; p = 0.03). No differences were seen in CMJ (F3,33 = 1.821; p = 0.16), Cr (F3,33 = 2.409; p = 0.08), or T/Cr ratio (F3,33 = 1.527; p = 0.23). The RESTQ-Sport demonstrated differences between moments in social stress (F3,33 = 2.297; p = 0.04; η = 0.25), success (F3,33 = 4.350; p = 0.01; η = 0.19), general well-being (F3,33 = 4.465; p = 0.01; η = 0.36), and injury (F3,33 = 2.792; p = 0.05; η = 0.62). The results showed a significant correlations of small to moderate magnitude between TWTL and CK (r = 0.32; p = 0.05). In conclusion, a short PP in volleyball leads to increased TL, CK level, and psychological stress. Training load was related with the increase of CK, suggesting muscle damage without increased physical performance.